how did the french and indian war change the relationship between britain and the colonies

The French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was fought between the colonies of Great Britain and New French republic, supported by American Indian allies on both sides.

Learning Objectives

Draw the political and economic impact of the French and Indian War on the colonies

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• The French and Indian War (1754–1763) is the name for the North American theater of the Seven Years' State of war.
• The war was primarily fought over contested claims betwixt the British and French over the land of the Ohio State. The issue of the war was one of the near significant developments in a century of Anglo-French disharmonize, with United kingdom gaining control over Canada and Florida.
• American Indian tribes supporting French republic included the Wabanaki Confederacy, Algonquin, Caughnawaga Mohawk, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.
• American Indian tribes supporting the British included the Iroquois Confederacy, Catawba, and the Cherokee prior to 1758.

Key Terms

• Treaty of Paris: A peace agreement signed in 1763 that concluded the Seven Years' War, or the French and Indian State of war; as well the name for a peace agreement signed in 1783 that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the Us' independence.
• Vii Years' War: A global war machine war between 1756 and 1763 involving about of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, Due north America, Cardinal America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines.
• New France: France's former possessions and colonies in North America, including Quebec, Acadia, and Louisiana, before 1763.

The 7 Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global military machine war between 1756 and 1763, involving nigh of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, Northward America, Central America, the W African declension, Bharat, and the Philippines. In some countries, the state of war is alternatively named after combats in the respective theatres: the French and Indian State of war (North America, 1754–63), Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia, 1757–62), Tertiary Carnatic State of war (Indian subcontinent, 1757–63), and Third Silesian War (Prussia and Republic of austria, 1756–63).

The French and Indian War (1754–1763) is the proper noun for the Due north American theatre of the Seven Years' War. The war was fought primarily betwixt the colonies of Great Britain and New France, with both sides supported by forces from Europe as well as American Indian allies. In 1756, the war erupted into a worldwide conflict between Great britain and French republic. The primary targets of the British colonists were the royal French forces and the diverse American Indian forces centrolineal with them.

Background to the War

The Ohio Land

The war was fought primarily forth the frontiers separating New France from the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia. The Ohio State (sometimes called the Ohio Territory or Ohio Valley by the French) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and in the region of the upper Ohio River s of Lake Erie. The territory encompassed roughly the nowadays-day states of Ohio, eastern Indiana, western Pennsylvania, and northwestern West Virginia. The result of settlement in the region is considered to have been a primary cause of the French and Indian War and a later on contributing factor to the American Revolutionary War.

In the 17th century, the surface area north of the Ohio River had been occupied past the Algonquian-speaking Shawnee. Effectually 1660, during a conflict known equally the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois seized control of the Ohio Country, driving out the Shawnee and conquering and absorbing the Erie tribe. The Ohio Land remained largely uninhabited for decades and was used primarily for hunting by the Iroquois.

In the 1720s, a number of American Indian groups began to migrate to the Ohio Land. By 1724, Delaware Indians had established the village of Kittanning on the Allegheny River in present-day western Pennsylvania. The Delawares were migrating because of the expansion of European colonial settlement in eastern Pennsylvania. With them came those Shawnee who had settled in the east. Other bands of the scattered Shawnee tribe too began to return to the Ohio Land in the decades that followed. A number of Senecas and other Iroquois also migrated to the Ohio Country, moving away from the French and British regal rivalries south of Lake Ontario.

Territorial Dispute

With the invasion of the Europeans, the region was claimed by Uk and French republic, both of which sent merchants into the area to trade with the Ohio Land Indians. The area was considered central to both countries' ambitions of farther expansion and development in N America. At the aforementioned time, the Iroquois claimed the region past right of conquest. The rivalry between the two European nations, the Iroquois, and the Ohio natives for control of the region played an important function of the outbreak of the French and Indian War in the 1750s.

The Outbreak of War

The state of war began in May 1754 because of these competing claims between Britain and France. Twenty-two-year-one-time George Washington, a Virginian surveyor whose family unit helped to found the Ohio Company, gave the command to fire on French soldiers nigh nowadays-solar day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. This incident on the Pennsylvania frontier proved to be a decisive event that led to imperial war. For the adjacent decade, fighting took place along the borderland of New France and British America from Virginia to Maine. The war too spread to Europe as France and Britain looked to gain supremacy in the Atlantic Globe.

Afterward initially remaining neutral, the Ohio Land Indians and virtually of the northern tribes largely sided with the French, who were their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The British fared poorly in the first years of the war. In 1754, the French and their American Indian native allies forced Washington to surrender at Fort Necessity, a hastily built fort constructed subsequently Washington's attack on the French. In 1755, Britain dispatched General Edward Braddock to the colonies to take Fort Duquesne. The French, aided by the Potawotomis, Ottawas, Shawnees, and Delawares, ambushed the 1,500 British soldiers and Virginia militia who marched to the fort. The attack sent panic through the British forcefulness, and hundreds of British soldiers and militiamen died, including General Braddock. The campaign of 1755 proved to exist a disaster for the British. In fact, the only British victory that year was the capture of Nova Scotia. In 1756 and 1757, Great britain suffered further defeats with the autumn of Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry.

The war began to plow in favor of the British in 1758, due in large part to the efforts of William Pitt, a very popular member of Parliament. Pitt pledged huge sums of money and resources to defeating the hated Catholic French, and Great U.k. spent part of the coin on bounties paid to new young recruits in the colonies, helping invigorate the British forces. In 1758, the Iroquois, Delaware, and Shawnee signed the Treaty of Easton, aligning themselves with the British in return for some contested country effectually Pennsylvania and Virginia. Betwixt 1758 and 1760, the British war machine successfully penetrated the heartland of New France, with Quebec falling in 1759 and Montreal finally falling in September 1760. The French empire in North America began to crumble.

Briefing between the French and American Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire past Vernier: This is a scene from the French and Indian State of war (1754–1763), depicting the alliance of French and American Indian forces.

Treaty of Paris

Nigh of the fighting between French republic and Great britain in continental North America ended in 1760; even so, the fighting in Europe continued. The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February ten, 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled past the Treaty of Hubertusburg on February 15, 1763. France ceded French Louisiana westward of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain, in bounty for Spain'due south loss of Florida to Uk (which Spain had given to U.k. in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean area was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Uk's position as the dominant colonial power in the eastern one-half of North America.

Britain gained command of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces, but many went to French republic, and some went to New Orleans, which they had expected to remain French.

Following the peace treaty, Rex George Three issued the Royal Declaration of 1763 outlining the division and administration of the newly conquered territory. To some extent, this annunciation continues to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations. In his proclamation, George III placed Ohio Country in the vast Indian Reserve stretching from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River and from Florida to Newfoundland. Existing European settlers (more often than not French) were ordered to leave or get special permission to stay. Despite its acquisition by United kingdom, the area remained officially airtight to white settlement—at least for the time being—by the Annunciation of 1763, which arose from the British desire to regain peaceful relations with the Shawnee and other tribes in the region.

A New Dynamic

For France, the war machine defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789. For many American Indian populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, which over the following decades would lead to their ultimate dispossession. Although the Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769) had merely minor repercussions, the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not desire to do business with the British and a rise in tensions betwixt the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies whose divisions the British at times exploited. The change of command in Florida as well prompted near of its Spanish Cosmic population to go out.

Map of the French and Indian War.

The Albany Congress and the Intercolonial Defense

The Albany Congress brought together colonial representatives to talk over relations with American Indian tribes and common defense force against the French.

Learning Objectives

Place the Albany Congress

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In 1754, the British government asked colonial representatives to meet in Albany, New York, to develop a treaty with American Indians and plan the defense of the colonies against French republic.The Albany Congress was a coming together of representatives from 7 of the thirteen British North American colonies: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.
• Representatives met daily in Albany, New York, from June 19 to July 11 to discuss meliorate relations with the American Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French during the French and Indian State of war.
• Exceeding their limited objectives, the associates adopted a programme developed by Benjamin Franklin for authorities of the colonies by a cardinal executive and a quango of delegates.
• Although rejected by England and the colonies, the Albany Program became a useful guide in the years leading up to the Revolutionary State of war.

Fundamental Terms

• Albany Plan: A measure proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York.

Overview

In 1754, the British government asked colonial representatives to meet in Albany, New York, to develop a treaty with American Indians and plan the defense of the colonies confronting France. Exceeding these limited objectives, the associates adopted a plan developed past Benjamin Franklin for regime of the colonies past a fundamental executive and a council of delegates. Although rejected past England and the colonies, the Albany Plan became a useful guide in the years leading up to the Revolutionary War.

The Albany Congress

The Albany Congress was a coming together of representatives from seven of the xiii British North American colonies in 1754: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Representatives met daily in Albany, New York, from June 19 to July 11 to discuss meliorate relations with the American Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French during the French and Indian War. Delegates did not view themselves equally builders of an American nation; rather, they were colonists with the more limited mission of pursuing a treaty with the Mohawks. The episode has achieved iconic status as presaging the formation of the The states of America in 1776, and is often illustrated with Franklin's famous serpent cartoon, "Join, or Die."

"Bring together, or Die" by Benjamin Franklin: "Join, or Die" by Benjamin Franklin is a woodcut showing a snake cut into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of 1 of the American colonies or regions. The cartoon was used in the French and Indian War to symbolize that the colonies needed to join together with Great U.k. to defeat the French and Indians. Information technology later became a symbol of colonial liberty during the American Revolutionary War.

Franklin'southward Plan of Marriage

Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for uniting the seven colonies that greatly exceeded the telescopic of the congress. The Albany delegates spent near of their time debating Franklin'due south Albany Plan of Union, which would have created a unified colonial entity. The original programme was heavily debated by all who attended the conference, and numerous modifications were proposed until the plan proceeded to exist passed unanimously.

The delegates voted approving of a programme that called for a union of 12 colonies. The Union Programme included all of the British colonies in North America, except Delaware and Georgia. The plan called for a unmarried executive, known equally a president full general, to be appointed and supported past the Crown; the president full general would be responsible for American Indian relations, military preparedness, and execution of laws regulating diverse merchandise and financial activities. The Matrimony Program also called for a grand council to be selected by the colonial legislatures, where the number of delegates (anywhere from ii to 7) would be based on the taxes paid by each colony.

The plan was submitted equally a recommendation by the Albany Congress, merely it was rejected by the legislatures of the private seven colonies, as it would remove some of their existing powers. The program was also rejected by the Colonial Function. Many in the British government, already wary of some of the strong-willed colonial assemblies, disliked the thought of consolidating boosted power into the hands of the colonists. Instead, they preferred that the colonists' focus remain on the forthcoming war machine campaign against the French and their American Indian allies.

Even though information technology was rejected, some features of this plan were later adopted in the Articles of Confederation and the The states Constitution. Franklin himself later speculated that had the 1754 plan been adopted, the colonial separation from England might non accept happened so soon.

The Albany Congress: The mural depicts some of the delegates (from left to right): William Franklin and his father, Benjamin (Pennsylvania); Governor Thomas Hutchinson (Massachusetts); Governor William Delancey (New York); Sir William Johnson (Massachusetts); and Colonel Benjamin Tasker (Maryland).

The War and Its Consequences

The Seven Years' War changed relations betwixt the European powers, their colonies and colonists, and the American Indians in North America.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the results of the Vii Years' War

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• The French and Indian War took place in the American theatre of the global Seven Years' War; the Treaty of Paris marked the finish of the Vii Years' War in 1763.
• The Treaty of Paris resulted in France's loss of all its North American possessions due east of the Mississippi except for two small islands off of Newfoundland, marking the beginning of an era of British dominance in Due north America.
• Following the treaty, King George 3 signed the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which temporarily blocked colonists' westward expansion and reserved western land for American Indian utilize.
• The proclamation was less nearly respecting or preserving the American Indians' rights to their land; rather, it gave the British Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians.
• Though Britain gained the territory of New France and French Canada, France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war, with significant long-term consequences.
• The war almost doubled United kingdom's national debt, which it chose to pay off by imposing new taxes on its colonies; resistance to these taxes from the colonists would somewhen culminate in the American Revolutionary War.

Key Terms

• Treaty of Paris: Signed in 1763, a peace understanding that ended the French and Indian State of war in North America; as well the name for the peace understanding that ended the American Revolutionary State of war in 1783.
• Royal Proclamation of 1763: An act issued by King George Iii following Not bad Britain'due south conquering of French territory in Northward America afterward the end of the French and Indian State of war; it established limits to colonization due west of the Appalachian mountains.
• speculators: A person who engages in commercial or financial purchasing of a proficient (or land) with the hope that it volition become more valuable at a future date.

The Catastrophe of the War

The Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg

Nigh of the North American fighting of the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the 7 Years' State of war) ended on September 8, 1760, when the Marquis de Vaudreuil surrendered Montreal—and effectively all of Canada—to the British. Yet, the war did not officially end until the signing of the Treaty of Paris on Feb ten, 1763. The treaty resulted in France's loss of all its Northward American possessions eastward of the Mississippi except for Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two pocket-sized islands off of Newfoundland, marking the beginning of an era of British dominance in Due north America.

United kingdom also gained control of French Canada, a colony containing approximately 65,000 French-speaking, Roman Catholic residents. Early on in the war in 1755, the British had expelled French settlers from Acadia, some of whom somewhen fled to Louisiana. Now at peace and eager to secure control of its hard-won colony, United kingdom institute itself obliged to make concessions to its newly conquered subjects. The European theatre of the war was settled past the Treaty of Hubertusburg on February fifteen, 1763.

Treaty of Hubertusburg: An paradigm of the 1763 peace settlement reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg catastrophe the Seven Years' War in central Europe.

Consequences of the War

The war changed economic, political, governmental, and social relations betwixt Britain, France, and Spain; their colonies and colonists; and the American Indians that inhabited the territories they claimed. France and Britain both suffered financially considering of the state of war, with significant long-term consequences.

The Imperial Annunciation of 1763

Following the peace treaty, Male monarch George III issued the Imperial Proclamation of 1763 on October vii. The proclamation outlined the sectionalisation and assistants of the newly conquered territory. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its original American Indian population, a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a ascension tide of westward-bound British invaders. One of the biggest problems confronting the British Empire in 1763 was controlling country speculators whose activities often led to frontier conflicts in both Europe and the British colonies. Many American Indian peoples—primarily in the Great Lakes region—had a long and close human relationship with France and were dismayed to find that they were at present under British sovereignty.

The proclamation created a purlieus line (often chosen the proclamation line) betwixt the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands w of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation line was non intended to be a permanent boundary between white and ethnic lands but rather a temporary boundary which could exist extended farther west in an orderly, "lawful" (according to the British) mode. The proclamation outlawed private purchase of American Indian land, which had often created issues in the past; instead, all future land purchases were to exist made past Crown officials "at some public Meeting or Associates of the said Indians." Furthermore, British colonists were forbidden to move beyond the line and settle on indigenous lands, and colonial officials were forbidden to grant grounds or lands without regal approving. The annunciation was less almost respecting or preserving the American Indians' rights to their land; rather, it gave the British Crown a monopoly on all hereafter country purchases from American Indians.

Almost immediately, many British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary, since there were already many settlements beyond the line and many existing land claims yet to exist settled. Indeed, the Majestic Proclamation itself chosen for lands to be granted to British soldiers who had served in the Seven Years' State of war. Prominent American colonists joined with land speculators in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland to antechamber the government to move the line further due west. Every bit a result, the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with American Indians. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labor, both signed 1768, and the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770, opened much of what is at present Due west Virginia and Kentucky to British settlement.

Economic Consequences

In addition to vastly increasing Britain's state in North America, the Seven Years' War inverse economic, political, and social relations between Great britain and its colonies. It plunged Britain into debt, near doubling the national debt. The Crown, seeking sources of revenue to pay off the debt, chose to impose new taxes on its colonies. These taxes were met with increasingly strong resistance, until troops were called in to ensure that representatives of the Crown could safely perform their duties of collecting taxes. Over the years, dissatisfaction over the high taxes would steadily rise amongst the colonists until eventually culminating in the American Revolutionary War.

French republic returned to the North American phase in 1778 to support American colonists confronting Great Uk in the Revolutionary War. For France, the military defeat and the financial burden of the Seven Years' War weakened the monarchy and somewhen contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789.

Pontiac's Uprising

British expansion into American Indian land after the French and Indian State of war led to resistance in the form of Pontiac'southward Rebellion in 1763.

Learning Objectives

Identify Pontiac'due south Rebellion

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• Pontiac 'due south Rebellion (1763–1766) was an uprising of a coalition of American Indian tribes who sought to prevent United kingdom from expanding further into western lands.
• Following the British victory in the French and Indian War, British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region profoundly overlooked American Indian rights to their country.
• Involved in the rebellion were the numerous tribes of the Swell Lakes region and the eastern Illinois Country, both of which had been allied with the French; the tribes of the Ohio Country, allied with neither, were also involved.
• The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Ottawa war chief Pontiac and speedily spread throughout the region as word of Pontiac's actions inspired other discontented American Indians to join the revolt.
• Relations between British colonists and American Indians deteriorated further during and after Pontiac's Rebellion, contributing to deep racial hatred amongst colonists against all American Indians.
• For American Indians, Pontiac's War demonstrated the possibilities of pan-tribal cooperation in resisting Anglo-American colonial expansion.

Key Terms

• General Amherst: An 18th century officer in the British Army and commander-in-chief of the forces.
• Pontiac: An Ottawa leader who became famous for his function in the American Indian uprising of 1763, in which a pan-tribal coalition of American Indians resisted British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War.
• pays d'en haut: A vast territory west of Montreal roofing the whole of the Neat Lakes north and due south and stretching as far into the North American continent as the French had explored.

Changing Dynamics

After the Seven Years' War, British troops proceeded to occupy the various forts in the Ohio Country and Corking Lakes region that had been previously garrisoned by the French. Fifty-fifty before the war officially ended, the British Crown began to implement changes in gild to administer its vastly expanded Northward American territory. While the French had long cultivated alliances among certain of the American Indian tribes, the British postal service-war approach was to subordinate the tribes, and tensions apace rose betwixt the American Indians and the British. The most organized resistance, Pontiac's Rebellion, highlighted tensions the settler-invaders increasingly interpreted in racial terms.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Tribes Involved

American Indians involved in Pontiac's Rebellion lived in a vaguely defined region of New France known as the pays d'en haut, "the upper country," which was claimed by France until the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The tribes of the pays d'en haut consisted of 3 basic groups. The offset group included the tribes of the Great Lakes region: the Ottawas, Ojibwas, Potawatomis, and Hurons. The 2d group was made up of the tribes of the eastern Illinois Country, which included the Miamis, Weas, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, and Piankashaws. Both groups had a long-standing peace agreement with the French. The members of the tertiary group were the tribes of the Ohio State: the Delawares (Lenape), Shawnees, Wyandots, and Mingos. These people had migrated to the Ohio valley earlier in the century in gild to escape British, French, and Iroquois domination elsewhere and did not have potent relations with the British or French.

Amherst'south Policies Toward American Indians

General Amherst, the British commander-in-principal in North America, was in charge of administering policy toward American Indians, which involved both war machine matters and regulation of the fur trade. He believed American Indians were militarily weak and thereby subordinate to the British government. 1 of his policies was to prohibit gift exchange between the American Indians and the British. Once a tradition with the French, gift giving was a symbol of peaceful relations, and the prohibition of such exchanges was interpreted by many American Indians as an insult. Amherst too restricted the American Indians' gun supply, which generated resentment; American Indian men used gunpowder and ammunition to gain nutrient for their families and fur for trade, and by endmost off the supply, Amherst imposed hardships on tribal families.

Additional Conflicts

Country was too a motivating gene in the coming of the uprising. While the French population had been low, at that place seemed to be no end of incoming settler-invaders from England. Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio Country, specially, had been displaced by British colonists in the east, motivating their resistance along with food shortages and epidemic illness.

The Outbreak of War

Despite previous rumors of state of war, Pontiac's Rebellion began in 1763. Senecas of the Ohio Country (Mingos) circulated letters calling for the tribes to form a confederacy and bulldoze away the British. The Mingos, led by Guyasuta and Tahaiadoris, were concerned about beingness surrounded by British-occupied forts. While the rebellion was decentralized at commencement, this fright of existence surrounded helped the rebellion to abound.

The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Ottawa state of war chief Pontiac and quickly spread throughout the region. Eight British forts were taken. Scholars believe that rather than beingness planned in accelerate, the insurgence spread equally word of Pontiac's actions at Fort Detroit traveled throughout the pays d'en haut, inspiring already discontented American Indians to bring together the defection.

The total loss of life resulting from Pontiac'due south Rebellion is unknown. About 400 British soldiers were killed in action and peradventure 50 were captured and killed; well-nigh ii,000 settler-invaders were killed or captured as well. The war compelled approximately 4,000 Pennsylvanian and Virginian settler-invaders to abscond their homes. American Indian losses went mostly unrecorded, though it has been estimated that at least 200 warriors were killed in battle.

Foreshadowing of Future Hostilities

Relations between British colonists and American Indians deteriorated further during Pontiac'due south Rebellion, and the British government concluded that colonists and American Indians must be kept autonomously. On October seven, 1763, the Crown issued the Regal Proclamation of 1763, an effort to reorganize British N America after the Treaty of Paris. Officials drew a boundary line between the British colonies along the seaboard and American Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, creating a vast (and temporary) "Indian Reserve" that stretched from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River and from Florida to Quebec. This boundary was never intended to exist permanent, but was rather created equally a way to connected British expansion westward in a more organized fashion.

For American Indians, Pontiac'due south War demonstrated the possibilities of pan-tribal cooperation in resisting Anglo-American colonial expansion. Although the conflict divided tribes and villages, the war also saw the beginning extensive multi-tribal resistance to European colonization in North America and was the first war between Europeans and American Indians that did not end in complete defeat for the American Indians.

Pontiac'due south Rebellion: In a famous council on April 27, 1763, depicted in this 19th century engraving by Alfred Bobbet, Pontiac urged listeners rising up confronting the British.

The Western Lands

Following the French and Indian State of war, the colonial desire to expand westward was met with resistance from American Indians.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the British policy regarding westward expansion

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• The French and Indian War of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the lands due west to the Mississippi River that had previously been claimed by the French, but was largely inhabited by American Indians.
• Following the acquisition of new territory, colonists pushed west into the frontier lands. By the early 1770s, British colonists were moving across the Appalachians into western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.
• The Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibited the North American colonists from establishing or maintaining settlements west of a line running downwardly the crest of the Appalachian Mountains.
• This policy had fiddling to do with respect for tribal rights and was more than motivated by the loftier expense of conflicts with American Indians and lack of British soldiers on the continent.
• The reaction of colonial land speculators and frontiersmen to this annunciation was highly negative. From their perspective, they had risked their lives in the recent state of war only to exist denied the lands they coveted.
• The attack on a local tribe of Conestoga Indians by a group of Scots-Irish settlers from Paxton, Pennsylvania, in Dec of 1763, illustrates the deadly situation on the frontier.

Fundamental Terms

• fur trade: A worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and auction of animal pelts.

European Patterns of West Expansion

Prior to 1776, the country to the west of the British colonies was of high priority for settlers and politicians. In the earliest days of European settlement of the Atlantic coast, from about 1600 to 1680, the "frontier" was substantially any part of the forested interior of the continent across the fringe of existing settlements along the coast.

English language, French, Spanish, and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement differed widely. But a few 1000 French migrated to Canada; these habitants settled in villages along the St. Lawrence river, edifice communities that remained stable for long stretches; they did not leapfrog west the way the British did. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes region, they seldom settled down and instead maintained a nomadic lifestyle. The Dutch ready up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by large grants of country to rich landowning patroons who brought in tenant farmers to create compact, permanent villages. They did not push westward.

In dissimilarity, the English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a do that required the application of "legal" property rights to the new conditions. (These policies were legal co-ordinate to British police but largely overlooked or exploited the rights of American Indians.) The typical English settlements were quite compact and small, typically nether a foursquare mile. Conflict with American Indians chop-chop arose every bit the British expanded farther into their territory.

The French and Indian Wars of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took possession of the lands westward to the Mississippi River, which had formerly been claimed by the French but were largely inhabited past American Indian tribes. By the early 1770s, British settler-invaders were moving across the Appalachians into western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

American Indian Country

The Majestic Proclamation of 1763 prohibited the North American colonists from establishing or maintaining settlements w of a line running down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. There were two motivations for this policy: commencement, the British wished to avoid warfare with the American Indians. This aim had lilliputian to do with respect for tribal rights and was more motivated past the high expense of conflicts with American Indians and the lack of British soldiers on the continent. Some American Indians welcomed this policy, assertive that the separation would allow them to resume their traditional ways of life; others realized that the proclamation, at best, would only provide some breathing room before the next onslaught of invaders.

The other intention of the proclamation was to concentrate colonial settlements on the seaboard, where they could exist active participants in the British mercantile organization. The first priority of British trade officials was to populate the recently secured areas of Canada and Florida, where colonists could reasonably exist expected to trade with the mother country; settlers living west of the Appalachians would be highly self-sufficient and have niggling opportunity to trade with English merchants.

The reaction of colonial land speculators and frontiersmen to this proclamation was highly negative. From their perspective, they had risked their lives in the recent state of war only to be denied the lands they coveted. Most concluded that the announcement was only a temporary measure; a number ignored it entirely and moved into the prohibited surface area anyway. Nearly from its inception, the proclamation was modified to suit the needs of influential British people with interests in the American west, including many high British officials besides every bit colonial leaders. Prominent American colonists joined with land speculators in United kingdom to antechamber the authorities to motility the line further west. As a result, the purlieus line was adjusted in a series of treaties.

The British American colonies in 1763: This map shows the condition of the American colonies in 1763, after the end of the French and Indian War. Although Bang-up U.k. won command of the territory e of the Mississippi, the Announcement Line of 1763 prohibited British colonists from settling w of the Appalachian Mountains. (credit: modification of work by the National Atlas of the United states of america)

Conestoga Massacre

In Dec of 1763, post-obit the terminate of the French and Indian War and the signing of the proclamation, a vigilante group fabricated up of Scots-Irish frontiersmen known as the Paxton Boys attacked the local Conestoga, a Susquehannock tribe who lived on state negotiated by William Penn and their ancestors in the 1690s. In the backwash of the French and Indian War, the borderland of Pennsylvania remained unsettled. A new moving ridge of Scots-Irish immigrants encroached on American Indian land in the back land. These settlers claimed that American Indians ofttimes raided their homes, killing men, women, and children.

Many Conestoga were Christian, and they had lived peacefully with their European neighbors for decades. Although there had been no American Indian attacks in the area, the Paxton Boys claimed that the Conestoga secretly provided assist and intelligence to the hostiles. On December xiv, 1763, more than than l Paxton Boys marched on the Conestoga homes near Conestoga Town, Millersville, and murdered half-dozen people and burned their cabins. The colonial government held an inquest and determined that the killings were murder. The new governor, John Penn, offered a reward for their capture. The ruthlessness of these conflicts reflected a growing dissever betwixt the British colonists and American Indians.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-seven-years-war-1754-1763/

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